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Veins of Thorax01:19

Veins of Thorax

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The azygos system is a crucial part of the body's circulatory system and drains most of the thorax. It comprises the azygos, hemiazygos, and accessory hemiazygos veins.
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Overview of Systemic Veins01:11

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Systemic veins are crucial blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from various body tissues back to the heart. There are three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart, they are as follows.
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Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis01:18

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The human body is a complex, well-organized machine, and at the heart of its operations lies the circulatory system. This network of blood vessels, which includes systemic arteries, plays a vital role in maintaining life by transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.
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Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Transport01:16

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Lymphatic vessels, known as lymphatics, are crucial in transporting lymph from peripheral tissues to our venous system. This process begins with lymph entering through tiny capillaries that branch through tissues. These capillaries have unique features such as larger diameters, thinner walls, and a distinctive one-way valve system formed by overlapping endothelial cells.
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Veins of Lower Limbs01:15

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The human body consists of an intricate network of veins responsible for the crucial task of blood drainage from the lower limbs. These veins can be categorized into two main types: deep veins and superficial veins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Image Acquisition Method for the Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava
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Image Acquisition Method for the Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava

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An unusual presentation with persistent left superior vena cava.

C Ebink, L J Bos, E P A Vonken

    Netherlands Heart Journal : Monthly Journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation
    |February 20, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    A persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC), a common venous anomaly, was unexpectedly found in a 70-year-old male with intracerebral empyema. This anomaly may have facilitated septic emboli from the left arm to the brain.

    Keywords:
    MRApersistent left superior vena cava

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Radiology
    • Neurology

    Background:

    • Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) is the most common congenital systemic venous anomaly.
    • LSVC can lead to various clinical complications.
    • Venous anomalies can be implicated in the pathogenesis of embolic events.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report a case of intracerebral empyema potentially caused by septic emboli facilitated by a persistent LSVC.
    • To highlight LSVC as an unsuspected finding in a patient presenting with neurological infection.
    • To review the literature on persistent LSVC and its clinical implications.

    Main Methods:

    • Case presentation of a 70-year-old male with intracerebral empyema.
    • Diagnostic imaging including echocardiography and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to identify the venous anomaly.
    • Literature review on persistent LSVC.

    Main Results:

    • A persistent left superior vena cava draining directly into the left atrium was identified as an unsuspected finding.
    • The patient presented with intracerebral empyema, suspected to be secondary to septic emboli from the left arm.
    • The anatomical variation of LSVC was considered a facilitating factor for the embolic event.

    Conclusions:

    • Persistent LSVC, though common, can present as an incidental finding with significant clinical implications.
    • This case underscores the importance of considering venous anomalies in the evaluation of embolic phenomena, particularly in the context of infection.
    • Echocardiography and MRA are valuable tools for diagnosing persistent LSVC and understanding its role in complex clinical scenarios.