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Related Concept Videos

Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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Yeasts are single-celled organisms, but unlike bacteria, they are eukaryotes (cells with a nucleus). Cell signaling in yeast is similar to signaling in other eukaryotic cells. A ligand, such as a protein or a small molecule released from a yeast cell, attaches to a receptor on the cell surface. The binding stimulates second-messenger kinases to activate or inactivate transcription factors that further regulate gene expression. Many of the yeast intracellular signaling cascades have similar...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Spatio-Temporal Manipulation of Small GTPase Activity at Subcellular Level and on Timescale of Seconds in Living Cells
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Ypt/Rab GTPases: principles learned from yeast.

Zhanna Lipatova1, Adelaide U Hain, Volodymyr Y Nazarko

  • 1a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|February 24, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ypt/Rab GTPases coordinate vesicular transport steps and pathways in eukaryotic cells. Understanding their function in yeast offers insights into human diseases caused by trafficking defects.

Keywords:
AutophagyGTPaseRabYptsecretion

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate membrane trafficking in eukaryotic cells.
  • They function as molecular switches, recruiting effectors for vesicular transport.
  • Conserved from yeast to humans, Rabs are implicated in various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate novel paradigms of Ypt/Rab function in coordinating vesicular transport.
  • To highlight yeast as a model system for studying Ypt/Rab roles in traffic coordination.
  • To propose the significance of Ypt/Rab coordination in human cell trafficking and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized yeast genetics for analysis of Ypt/Rab function.
  • Investigated specific Ypt/Rabs (Ypt1, Ypt31/Ypt32) and their GEF complex (TRAPP).
  • Extrapolated findings from yeast to potential roles in human cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Identified Ypt/Rabs as regulators of vesicular transport substeps, integration into pathways, and coordination of different pathways.
  • Demonstrated that Ypt/Rabs are compartment-specific, not transport-step specific.
  • Highlighted the critical role of Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) in Ypt/Rab function.

Conclusions:

  • Ypt/Rab GTPases play a crucial role in coordinating intracellular trafficking pathways.
  • Yeast serves as an effective model for dissecting complex Ypt/Rab-mediated coordination.
  • Defects in Ypt/Rab coordination may underlie human diseases.