Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Prediction Intervals

Prediction Intervals

The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
However, the point estimate is most likely not the exact value of the population parameter, but close to it. After calculating point estimates, we construct interval estimates, called confidence intervals or prediction intervals. This prediction interval comprises a range of values unlike the point estimate and is a better predictor of the observed sample value, y.

Language and Cognition

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

Predicting Products: Substitution vs. Elimination

When a nucleophile and an alkyl halide react, nucleophilic substitution and β-elimination reactions compete to generate products.
The following factors can influence the mechanisms competing against each other:

Predicting Products: SN1 vs. SN2

Predicting Products: S_N1 vs. S_N2

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides can proceed via an SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. While in SN2 reactions, the nucleophile attacks the substrate simultaneously as the leaving group departs, in SN1 reactions, the substrate first dissociates to give the carbocation intermediate. Various factors such as the structure of the substrate, the strength of the nucleophile, and the nature of the solvent promote one mechanism over the other.
With increased substitution on the alkyl halide,...

Language Development

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The role of presentational timing in acquiring novel written and spoken word forms.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026

Same author

Rethinking task importance in the visual world paradigm.

Brain research·2025

Same author

The true colors of reading: Literacy enhances lexical-semantic processing in rapid automatized and discrete object naming.

Cognition·2025

Same author

The virtual hand paradigm: A new method for studying prediction and language-vision interactions.

Brain research·2025

Same author

Can Large Language Models Counter the Recent Decline in Literacy Levels? An Important Role for Cognitive Science.

Cognitive science·2024

Same author

Testing the involvement of low-level visual representations during spoken word processing with non-Western students and meditators practicing Sudarshan Kriya Yoga.

Brain research·2024

Same journal

Intranasal stromal cell-derived factor-1α mitigates parkinsonian deficits via dual modulation of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota in MPTP-induced models.

Brain research·2026

Same journal

Emotions, the amygdala, and the right hemisphere.

Brain research·2026

Same journal

Electroacupuncture treatment enhances hippocampal growth hormone level and restores mitochondrial function in vascular dementia rats.

Brain research·2026

Same journal

Effects of transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation on thalamic relay: A randomized brain imaging study in chronic low back pain patients.

Brain research·2026

Same journal

Adaptive reconfiguration of prefrontal networks during prolonged cognitive interference: Evidence from fNIRS.

Brain research·2026

Same journal

Horizontal image compression significantly impairs human face identity recognition.

Brain research·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness

Published on: December 6, 2024

Four central questions about prediction in language processing.

¹Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, P.O. Box 310, 6500 AH Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

|February 25, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Human language processing involves prediction, but it is not a fundamental principle. Diverse prediction mechanisms, not just one, are essential for understanding language, requiring updated models.

Keywords:

Language processing Prediction

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness

Augmenting Large Language Models via Vector Embeddings to Improve Domain-Specific Responsiveness

Published on: December 6, 2024

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Linguistics
Neuroscience

Background:

The role of prediction in human information processing is increasingly recognized.
Language processing offers a unique domain to test the fundamental nature of prediction.
Traditional views suggest prediction plays a minor role in language due to its complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the function, cues, representations, mechanisms, and timing of anticipatory language processing.
To propose a multi-mechanism framework for predictive language processing.
To evaluate whether prediction is a fundamental principle or an important aspect of language.

Main Methods:

Literature review and theoretical synthesis.
Analysis of four key questions regarding predictive language processing: Why, What, How, and When.
Examination of diverse prediction mechanisms (PACS): production-, association-, combinatorial-, and simulation-based.

Main Results:

Prediction in language processing is achieved through a combination of diverse mechanisms (PACS).
Mediating factors like working memory and situational context influence predictive language processing.
Existing models need revision to incorporate multiple mechanisms and contextual factors.

Conclusions:

Prediction is an important aspect, but not the sole fundamental principle, of human language processing.
A comprehensive account requires considering multiple prediction mechanisms and influencing factors.
Anticipatory language processing is complex and context-dependent.