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Related Concept Videos

Torque01:10

Torque

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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
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In aerobic fermentations, oxygen is vital for microbial growth and metabolite production. Since air comprises only about 20% oxygen and the gas is poorly soluble in water—just 9 ppm at 20°C—supplying sufficient oxygen becomes a critical challenge, especially in high-demand processes like yeast growth or citric acid production. Even a fully saturated broth may offer only a few seconds of oxygen availability.To address this, sterile or scrubbed air is introduced into the...
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Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...
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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Tuning Oxide Properties by Oxygen Vacancy Control During Growth and Annealing
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Spin-orbit-torque engineering via oxygen manipulation.

Xuepeng Qiu1, Kulothungasagaran Narayanapillai1, Yang Wu1

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and NUSNNI-Nanocore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.

Nature Nanotechnology
|March 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oxidation of spintronic devices creates a new, powerful spin-orbit torque mechanism. This discovery enables enhanced control over magnetization and may lead to reconfigurable logic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Spin transfer torques enable electrical manipulation of magnetization in spintronic devices.
  • Spin-orbit torques, arising from spin-orbit coupling, offer enhanced control over magnetization.
  • Current engineering of spin-orbit torques primarily relies on the spin Hall effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a novel mechanism for generating spin-orbit torques.
  • To explore the effect of oxidation on spin-orbit torque generation.
  • To introduce a new method for engineering spin-orbit torques.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication and characterization of spin-orbit-torque devices.
  • Controlled oxidation of device materials.
  • Measurement and comparison of spin-orbit torque strengths.

Main Results:

  • Oxidation triggers a new spin-orbit torque mechanism.
  • The newly discovered torque is approximately twice as strong as that from the spin Hall effect.
  • Oxygen manipulation provides a viable route for engineering spin-orbit torques.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidation offers a powerful new pathway for engineering spin-orbit torques.
  • This finding enhances the potential of spintronic devices.
  • Electrical gating of oxygen levels could enable reconfigurable logic devices.