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Related Concept Videos

Pharynx01:20

Pharynx

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The pharynx, a tubular structure framed by skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane, extends continuously from the nasal cavities. It is segmented into three major areas: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx, bordered by the conchae of the nasal cavity, serves exclusively as an air conduit. In its superior region, the pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located. These tonsils are clusters of lymphoid reticular tissue akin to a lymph node. The precise...
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Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway01:25

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In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...
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Larynx01:21

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The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids,...
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The Hyoid Bone01:12

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The hyoid bone is a small U-shaped bone located in the upper neck at the level of the inferior mandible, with its tips pointing posteriorly. It does not directly articulate with any other bone in the body. The hyoid acts as the attachment site for the tongue, the larynx, and the pharynx. It is held in position by a series of small muscles attached from above or below. These muscles help to move the hyoid up/down or forward/back in coordination with movements of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx...
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Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway01:29

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Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required
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Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing
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Minimally Invasive Murine Laryngoscopy for Close-Up Imaging of Laryngeal Motion During Breathing and Swallowing

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Superiorly based pharyngeal flap.

Nikhila Raol1, Christopher J Hartnick

  • 1Fellow, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Mass., USA.

Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
|March 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The superiorly based pharyngeal flap is a common surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency, particularly for patients with good lateral wall motion. This chapter details its indications and surgical technique for clinicians.

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Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Speech-Language Pathology

Background:

  • The pharyngeal flap, first described in 1875, is a primary surgical intervention for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).
  • Numerous modifications have evolved the procedure, with the superiorly based flap now being the predominant technique.
  • This flap is most effective in patients exhibiting adequate lateral wall motion but restricted anterior-posterior movement due to limited palatal excursion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the clinical indications for employing the superiorly based pharyngeal flap.
  • To provide a detailed, stepwise surgical description for performing the procedure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and current pharyngeal flap surgical techniques.
  • Clinical assessment criteria for patient selection.
  • Stepwise surgical procedural description.

Main Results:

  • The superiorly based pharyngeal flap is indicated for specific VPI patient profiles.
  • A clear, sequential surgical method is presented.

Conclusions:

  • The superiorly based pharyngeal flap remains a cornerstone surgical treatment for VPI.
  • Understanding precise indications and surgical steps is crucial for successful outcomes.