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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

47.7K
Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
47.7K
Cell Motility through Blebbing01:16

Cell Motility through Blebbing

2.7K
Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
In multicellular...
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Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

4.1K
Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
4.1K
The Contractile Ring02:15

The Contractile Ring

7.5K
Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...
7.5K
Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

51.6K
After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
51.6K
The Phragmoplast01:59

The Phragmoplast

6.7K
Cell division is essential for organismal growth and development. In animal cells, the central spindle and its associated proteins form the midbody, a structure that has an essential role in cytokinesis. In plants, the central spindle, along with the microtubules, actin, and other cell components, matures into the phragmoplast, which is necessary for cytokinesis. Unlike the stationary midbody, the phragmoplast expands centrifugally, eventually leading to the formation of the new cell wall.
The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis
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Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

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[Neurulation continues: the parade commander is...apical constriction].

V Korzh

    Ontogenez
    |March 5, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Neurulation, the formation of the neural tube, involves two distinct periods: early neurulation (tube closure) and late neurulation (central canal formation). This distinction clarifies the driving forces and defects associated with neural tube development.

    Area of Science:

    • Developmental biology
    • Neuroscience
    • Embryology

    Context:

    • Neurulation is the fundamental process of neural tube formation during embryonic development.
    • Traditionally, neurulation is defined solely by the closure of the neural tube.
    • Recent findings indicate that key developmental forces persist beyond initial tube closure.

    Purpose:

    • To propose a revised definition of neurulation based on new experimental data.
    • To distinguish between early neurulation (neural tube closure) and late neurulation (central canal formation).
    • To discuss neural tube defects (NTDs) specifically related to the late neurulation period.

    Summary:

    • Neurulation encompasses two distinct phases: early neurulation, characterized by neural tube closure, and late neurulation, defined by the formation of the central canal.

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  • The driving forces of neurulation continue to operate until the central canal is fully formed, extending beyond the traditional definition of tube closure.
  • This revised understanding provides a framework for analyzing developmental abnormalities, with a focus on NTDs affecting late neurulation.

    • Impact:

    • Refines the understanding of neural tube development and its temporal stages.
    • Offers a new perspective on classifying and studying neural tube defects.
    • Provides a basis for future research into the molecular and mechanical mechanisms of late neurulation.