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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

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Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
08:46

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Published on: August 12, 2020

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Streptococcus infection in a newborn.

Jessica Molinaro, Gary Cohen, Kris Saudek

    WMJ : Official Publication of the State Medical Society of Wisconsin
    |March 6, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Streptococcus salivarius rarely causes neonatal infections but can lead to serious illness. This case highlights that S salivarius in blood cultures warrants further investigation beyond assuming contamination.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neonatal Medicine
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Streptococcus salivarius, a common oral bacterium, is typically considered non-pathogenic.
    • It belongs to the viridans group streptococci and is often dismissed as a contaminant in blood cultures.
    • Invasive infections are rare, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals.

    Observation:

    • A case report of a healthy 1-day-old infant with sequential positive blood cultures for S salivarius.
    • The neonate presented as well-appearing despite positive blood culture results.

    Findings:

    • S salivarius bacteremia was confirmed in a neonate.
    • The infant's clinical presentation did not initially suggest severe infection.

    Implications:

    • Neonatal S salivarius bacteremia can occur in seemingly healthy infants.
    • Clinicians should not automatically disregard S salivarius from blood cultures as contaminants.
    • Further investigation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of potential neonatal infections.