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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

170
Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
170

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Discovering less toxic ionic liquids by using the Microtox® toxicity test.

F J Hernández-Fernández1, J Bayo1, A Pérez de los Ríos2

  • 1Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena (UPCT), Campus Muralla del Mar, C/ Doctor Fleming S/N, E-30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
|March 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

New Microtox® toxicity data revealed that certain ionic liquids are less toxic than common organic solvents. Pyrrolidinium cations and hydroxyl groups on cations reduced ionic liquid toxicity, enabling safer chemical design.

Keywords:
EcotoxicityIonic liquidMicrotoxVibrio fischeri

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are gaining traction as potential replacements for conventional organic solvents due to their unique properties.
  • However, comprehensive toxicity data for various ILs is crucial for assessing their environmental impact and safety.
  • The Microtox® assay offers a rapid screening method for ecotoxicity evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the Microtox® toxicity of 16 ionic liquids with varying cationic and anionic compositions.
  • To compare the toxicity of selected ionic liquids against conventional organic solvents.
  • To establish structure-toxicity relationships for designing less toxic ionic liquids.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Microtox® toxicity assays to evaluate the ecotoxicity of 16 different ionic liquids.
  • Analyzed toxicity data based on the ionic liquids' cationic and anionic structures.
  • Compared the toxicity profiles of ionic liquids with those of chloroform and toluene.

Main Results:

  • Several ionic liquids, including [BMPyr(+)][TFO(-)], [BMPyr(+)][Cl(-)], [HOPMIM(+)][FCH2COO(-)], and [HOPMIM(+)][glycolate(-)], exhibited lower toxicity than chloroform and toluene.
  • Ionic liquids featuring pyrrolidinium cations demonstrated lower toxicity compared to those with imidazolium and pyridinium cations.
  • The presence of a hydroxyl group in the cation's alkyl chain was correlated with reduced ionic liquid toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Microtox® assays serve as an effective screening tool for assessing the toxicity of a wide range of ionic liquids.
  • The obtained toxicity data can facilitate the development of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for designing safer ionic liquids.
  • Findings support the potential for developing environmentally benign ionic liquids through strategic structural modifications.