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The causes of extinction.

J M Smith1

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, U.K.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|November 6, 1989
PubMed
Summary
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Species extinction occurs due to inability to evolve or niche disappearance. Biotic factors and species selection significantly influence evolutionary trajectories and organism distribution, necessitating a coevolutionary theory.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Paleontology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Species extinction is driven by either insufficient evolutionary adaptation or the disappearance of ecological niches.
  • Recent extinctions are often attributed to niche loss, but parthenogenetic species suggest evolutionary limitations are also critical.
  • Extinction causes can be physical or biotic; fossil records and invasive species studies highlight the importance of biotic interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual causes of species extinction: evolutionary capacity and niche availability.
  • To differentiate between physical and biotic drivers of extinction.
  • To clarify the concept and significance of 'species selection' in evolutionary processes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of fossil evidence for taxonomic diversity and species turnover.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Review of studies on recent introductions of invasive species (predators, competitors, parasites).
  • Conceptual analysis of 'species selection' and its role in evolution.

    • Main Results:

    • Fossil data suggest biotic factors have played a significant role in extinction events.
    • Studies on invasive species corroborate the impact of biotic interactions on extinction.
    • Species selection, defined by population-level traits, is crucial for organism distribution but less so for complex adaptations.

    Conclusions:

    • Both evolutionary limitations and niche disappearance contribute to species extinction.
    • Biotic interactions are a major force in shaping biodiversity and extinction patterns.
    • A comprehensive theory of coevolution is needed to fully interpret the fossil record and evolutionary dynamics.