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Alternative oxidase: distribution, induction, properties, structure, regulation, and functions.

A G Rogov1, E I Sukhanova, L A Uralskaya

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Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a key respiratory enzyme found widely across diverse organisms, not just plants. This review details its discovery, evolution, functions, and importance in cellular survival and adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Aerobic metabolism involves both cytochrome and alternative oxidase (AOX) pathways.
  • AOX functions as a terminal oxidase in a cyanide-insensitive respiratory route.
  • Its presence is widespread across various organisms, extending beyond the plant kingdom.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of alternative oxidase (AOX).
  • To explore the discovery, evolution, and diverse functions of AOX.
  • To highlight AOX's role in cellular resilience and adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on AOX.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of AOX sequences for phylogenetic insights.
  • Analysis of experimental data on AOX properties, regulation, and function.

Main Results:

  • AOX is widely distributed in eukaryotes, excluding Archaea, mammals, some yeasts, and protists.
  • Phylogenetic analysis reveals evolutionary relationships of AOX across taxa.
  • AOX plays crucial roles in cell survival, metabolic optimization, oxidative stress protection, and adaptation to environmental factors.

Conclusions:

  • AOX is a vital component of respiratory systems in many organisms.
  • Its diverse functions are often complementary and essential for overcoming cellular stress.
  • This review consolidates current knowledge on AOX, emphasizing its broad biological significance.