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Fischer Projections

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Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines.

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Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...

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Chemistry of Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps

Author Spotlight: Exploring Cellular Processes by Modeling Ligands in Cryo-EM Maps

Published on: July 19, 2024

Energy maps for glycosidic linkage conformations.

Alfred D French¹

¹Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Room 3006, Bldg. 001 SRRC, 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd., New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA, Al.French@ARS.USDA.GOV.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|March 11, 2015

Summary

Understanding glycosidic linkage conformations is key to determining carbohydrate shapes. Energy maps visualize these conformations, aiding in accurate molecular modeling and analysis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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Area of Science:

Carbohydrate Chemistry
Structural Biology
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Glycosidic linkage conformations dictate the three-dimensional structures of carbohydrates like disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Molecular shape is intrinsically linked to function and interactions in biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To detail the technical production of energy maps for disaccharides.
To explain how these energy maps are utilized to understand molecular conformation and energy landscapes.

Main Methods:

Conformation analysis based on torsion angles around glycosidic bonds.
Potential energy calculations to generate energy surfaces or maps.
Visualization of energy surfaces plotted against key torsion angles.

Main Results:

Energy maps provide a comprehensive view of accessible conformations for disaccharides.
Successful mapping facilitates accurate energy calculations for each conformation.
Avoidance of potential pitfalls in conformational analysis through reliable mapping.

Conclusions:

Energy maps are crucial tools for understanding carbohydrate structural dynamics.
Technical production and exploitation of these maps enhance molecular modeling accuracy.
This approach deepens the understanding of polysaccharide and oligosaccharide shapes.