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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The...
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
11:44

Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: September 18, 2014

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[Innate immune DNA sensing pathways].

Takayuki Abe1

  • 1Department of System Biology, and Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA.

Uirusu
|March 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein is crucial for initiating innate immune responses to microbial DNA. Understanding STING

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The mechanisms by which cells detect microbial nucleic acids to trigger innate immunity are not fully understood.
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated STING (stimulator of interferon genes) has been identified as a key molecule in DNA-mediated gene induction.
  • STING interacts with ligands like DNA and cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) produced by intracellular bacteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of STING in the cellular response to nucleic acids.
  • To understand the signaling pathway initiated by STING activation.
  • To explore the implications of STING function in disease and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Investigating the interaction of STING with DNA and CDNs.

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Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
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Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells

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Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
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Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE

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Activation and Measurement of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activity Using IL-1β in Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells
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Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE
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  • Analyzing the trafficking of STING and associated kinases (e.g., TBK1) in cellular compartments.
  • Examining the role of STING in autophagic signaling complexes.
  • Studying the involvement of STING in the activation of transcription factors like IRF3 and NF-κB.

    • Main Results:

    • STING directly associates with stimulatory ligands, including DNA and CDNs.
    • Upon stimulation, STING traffics with TBK1 in an autophagic complex from the ER to endosomal compartments.
    • This trafficking leads to the activation of IRF3 and NF-κB, inducing innate immune gene expression.
    • STING's role in aberrant self-DNA responses suggests involvement in autoinflammatory diseases.

    Conclusions:

    • STING is a central mediator of innate immune gene induction in response to nucleic acids.
    • The STING-TBK1 complex plays a critical role in intracellular signaling pathways.
    • Understanding STING function offers potential for developing novel vaccine adjuvants and anti-inflammatory therapies.