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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Chain conformation and dynamics in spin-assisted weak polyelectrolyte multilayers.

Aliaksandr Zhuk1, Victor Selin1, Iryna Zhuk1

  • 1†Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|March 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spin-assisted assembly enhances weak polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) film order, stability, and chain immobility. This technique improves film performance in salt solutions, crucial for drug delivery and optical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly is a versatile technique for fabricating thin films.
  • Weak polyelectrolyte films are sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly salt concentration.
  • Controlling film structure and stability is essential for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of deposition technique on weak polyelectrolyte LbL film properties.
  • To compare spin-assisted assembly with dip-assisted assembly.
  • To understand the relationship between film structure, chain mobility, and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Ellipsometry and neutron reflectometry (NR) for film characterization.
  • Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to assess chain mobility.
  • Fabrication of LbL films using both spin-assisted and dip-assisted methods.

Main Results:

  • Spin-assisted assembly reduces polyelectrolyte adsorption, increases internal film order, and enhances stability in salt solutions.
  • Spin-deposited films exhibit increased polyelectrolyte ionization and reduced chain diffusion.
  • Salt-induced chain intermixing is significantly inhibited in spin-deposited films.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-assisted LbL assembly offers superior control over film architecture and stability compared to dip-assisted methods.
  • The enhanced film properties are attributed to shear forces during spin deposition, promoting chain flattening and stronger interactions.
  • These findings have significant implications for developing robust LbL-based drug delivery systems and optical devices.