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Related Concept Videos

Buffers02:56

Buffers

178.2K
A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
178.2K
Basicity of Aromatic Amines01:18

Basicity of Aromatic Amines

8.4K
The basicity of aromatic amines is much weaker than that of aliphatic amines due to the involvement of the lone pair of electrons over the N atom in resonance with the aryl rings. Generally, the electron-donating ability of any substituents on the aryl ring of aromatic amines increases the basicity of the amine by increasing electron density, and hence the availability of lone pair on the nitrogen. On the other hand, electron-withdrawing functional groups on the aryl ring of amines decrease the...
8.4K
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

7.3K
Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates...
7.3K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

28.1K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
28.1K
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

3.3K
Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...
3.3K
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

35.3K
Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
35.3K

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Anion-specific effects on the behavior of pH-sensitive polybasic brushes.

Joshua D Willott1, Timothy J Murdoch1, Ben A Humphreys1

  • 1†Priority Research Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|March 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anion-specific solvation affects polymer brushes. Increasing salt concentration causes swelling then collapse, with brush behavior influenced by salt type and polymer hydrophobicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Weakly basic poly(amino)ethyl methacrylate brushes exhibit tunable properties based on polymer structure.
  • Understanding polymer brush behavior in solution is crucial for designing advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate anion-specific solvation and conformational changes in poly(DMA), poly(DEA), and poly(DPA) brushes.
  • Determine the influence of ionic strength and salt type (Hofmeister series) on brush behavior.

Main Methods:

  • In situ ellipsometry to measure brush thickness and conformation.
  • Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to analyze energy dissipation and viscoelastic properties.
  • Systematic variation of salt concentration and type (potassium acetate, nitrate, thiocyanate).

Main Results:

  • Brushes transition from an osmotic regime (swelling) to a salted regime (collapse) with increasing ionic strength.
  • Conformation changes from solvated to more rigid and uniform upon collapse, with reduced energy dissipation.
  • Anion type significantly impacts brush behavior, with kosmotropic anions (acetate) maintaining solvation longer than chaotropic anions (thiocyanate).
  • Polymer hydrophobicity influences anion affinity and the ionic strength at which collapse occurs.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer brush behavior is strongly dependent on ionic strength, anion specificity, and polymer hydrophobicity.
  • The Hofmeister series effectively predicts anion-induced conformational changes in these weak polybasic brushes.
  • Comprehensive understanding of ion-polymer-solvent interactions is essential for controlling brush properties.