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Related Concept Videos

Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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One of the challenges of using the second law of thermodynamics to determine if a process is spontaneous is that it requires measurements of the entropy change for the system and the entropy change for the surroundings. An alternative approach involving a new thermodynamic property defined in terms of system properties only was introduced in the late nineteenth century by American mathematician Josiah Willard Gibbs. This new property is called the Gibbs free energy (G) (or simply the free...
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic...
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Free Energy and Equilibrium00:55

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The free energy change for a process may be viewed as a measure of its driving force. A negative value for ΔG represents a driving force for the process in the forward direction, while a positive value represents a driving force for the process in the reverse direction. When ΔG is zero, the forward and reverse driving forces are equal, and the process occurs in both directions at the same rate (the system is at equilibrium).
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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Quantum thermodynamics: a nonequilibrium Green's function approach.

Massimiliano Esposito1, Maicol A Ochoa2, Michael Galperin2

  • 1Complex Systems and Statistical Mechanics, Physics and Materials Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.

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|March 14, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new theory for quantum thermodynamics in open systems. This framework extends thermodynamic laws beyond equilibrium, recovering stochastic thermodynamics in the weak coupling limit.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Thermodynamics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Open Quantum Systems

Background:

  • Understanding thermodynamic laws in quantum systems far from equilibrium is a significant challenge.
  • Existing theories often rely on weak coupling or quasi-static approximations.
  • Non-equilibrium Green's functions offer a powerful tool for studying quantum dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the foundations of a non-equilibrium theory for quantum thermodynamics.
  • To investigate open quantum systems strongly coupled to their reservoirs.
  • To extend the applicability of thermodynamic laws beyond equilibrium conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the framework of non-equilibrium Green's functions.
  • Analyzed non-interacting open quantum systems strongly coupled to reservoirs.
  • Incorporated slow, time-dependent external forces beyond the quasi-static limit.

Main Results:

  • Derived the four fundamental laws of thermodynamics for non-equilibrium quantum systems.
  • Characterized reversible transformations in these strongly coupled systems.
  • Recovered stochastic thermodynamics in the weak coupling limit.

Conclusions:

  • The developed theory provides a robust foundation for quantum thermodynamics beyond equilibrium.
  • Strong coupling and non-equilibrium dynamics can be consistently described.
  • The framework bridges the gap between fundamental thermodynamics and stochastic descriptions.