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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

11.2K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
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Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

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Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Measuring Progressive Neurological Disability in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis
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Clinical trials in progressive multiple sclerosis: lessons learned and future perspectives.

Daniel Ontaneda1, Robert J Fox1, Jeremy Chataway2

  • 1Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.

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Effective treatments for progressive multiple sclerosis remain elusive. Future clinical trials focusing on neuroprotection and refined outcomes offer hope for new therapeutic discoveries in managing this challenging neurological condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is defined by gradual disability accumulation, occurring as primary progressive MS or secondary progressive MS after a relapsing course.
  • Currently, no effective disease-modifying treatments exist for progressive MS, and clinical trial results have been largely disappointing.
  • Advances in understanding MS pathogenesis, identifying neuroprotection targets, and improving outcome measures are crucial for developing effective therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review lessons learned from completed clinical trials in progressive MS.
  • To discuss perspectives from ongoing clinical trials for progressive MS.
  • To highlight promising markers and novel trial designs for future therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of completed and ongoing clinical trials in progressive multiple sclerosis.
  • Analysis of clinical, imaging, and biological markers for disease progression.
  • Evaluation of novel clinical trial designs and outcome measures.

Main Results:

  • Past clinical trials for progressive MS have yielded disappointing results.
  • Promising clinical, imaging, and biological markers are emerging.
  • Novel trial designs and refined outcome measures are being developed.

Conclusions:

  • Despite past disappointments, advances in understanding and methodology offer hope for progressive MS treatment.
  • Refined outcome measures and neuroprotective drugs are key to future therapeutic success.
  • More efficient trial designs are essential to accelerate therapeutic discovery in progressive MS.