Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane
Published on: December 9, 2022
Serum estradiol/free testosterone ratio can be important predictor for varicose vein recurrence in men
1Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey - sedatozcan78@hotmail.com.
Aim:
Recurrent varicose veins are a frustration for both the patient and the surgeon. More investigation of the exact diagnosis, proper practice, and causes for the recurrence of varicose veins is needed.
Methods:
We investigated a total number of 187 patients in a five year period with an estradiol-2/free testosterone (E2/fT) ratio relationship on recurrent varicose veins in men between the ages of 20-50. Fifity years was the maximum age due to the age dependent sex steroid hormone regression that occurs after this age, which may interefere with the assessment. Fifty three men with an elevated E2/fT ratio (group A), and 143 men with no endocrinologic problems (group B) were enrolled in the study and had surgery for varicose veins. After 5 years follow up (mean 3 years), Group A (N.=29) and group B (N.=43) had recurrent varicose veins by clinical and radiologic findings. Venous blood samples were driven from all patients of both groups in the morning to detect the levels of serum E2 and fT levels. Patient history of surgery for varicose veins, physical examination, color duplex ultrasound of both limbs, and classification of CEAP were performed in both groups.
Results:
The serum E2/fT ratio was significantly higher in Group A (5.21 ± 0.56) compared to group B (2.54±0.27) in the recurrent varicose vein groups (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, there was a high correlation between serum E2/fT ratio and the CEAP clinical classification in group A (5) compared to group B (2) (P≤0.05). Also, recurrence rate was higher in group A (54%) compared to group B (32%)(P≤0.05).
Conclusion:
Elevated serum E2/fT ratio is a precipitating factor for recurrent varicose veins in male patients.
Related Concept Videos
Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care
Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies
Varicose Veins I: Introduction
Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care
Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction
Venous Return
What is Venous Return?
Venous return refers to the rate at which blood flows back to the heart from the body's peripheral veins. It's an integral part of the circulatory system...

