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Updated: Apr 15, 2026
Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
Published on: November 30, 2022
[Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]
Marie Viel Møllersen1, Helle Norgård1, Olav Spigset1
1Institutt for laboratoriemedisin, barne- og kvinnesykdommer Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet og Avdeling for klinisk farmakologi.
Background:
The selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was withdrawn from the market in 2004 due to cardiovascular toxicity. We have evaluated data on adverse cardiovascular effects caused by COX-2 inhibitors and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) since 2004.
Material And Method:
Searches in PubMed (2004-2014) identified 243 relevant articles. Following a selection process, 63 articles were reviewed and evaluated in light of Norwegian practice.
Results:
The results from the studies reviewed are heterogenous. A majority of data indicate that all the selective COX-2 inhibitors, diclofenac and high-dose ibuprofen cause adverse cardiovascular effects to a problematic extent, whereas naproxen consistently exhibits low or no risk. For most NSAIDs high dosage is related to increased risk, and the increase in risk appears to be present from the start of treatment. The effects of length of treatment and predisposition for cardiovascular disease are less clear.
Interpretation:
Adverse cardiovascular effects is as a group effect that applies to all the NSAIDs studied, except for naproxen and low-dose ibuprofen. The traditional classification of NSAIDs as COX-2 selective and non-selective drugs is unsuited for risk stratification. The current pattern of consumption of NSAIDs in the population does not correspond to our knowledge of the increased risk to which patients are exposed.
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