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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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MicroRNA Expression Profiles of Human iPS Cells, Retinal Pigment Epithelium Derived From iPS, and Fetal Retinal Pigment Epithelium
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Selective microRNA-Offset RNA expression in human embryonic stem cells.

Suvi Asikainen1, Liisa Heikkinen2, Juuso Juhila3

  • 1Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden; Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.

Plos One
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Summary

This study reports miRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs) in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), expanding the known small non-coding RNA repertoire. moRNAs were notably expressed in hESCs but sparse in fibroblasts, suggesting developmental roles.

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Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Genomics
  • * Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • * Small non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), are crucial regulators of embryonic stem cell (ESC) functions.
  • * miRNA-offset RNAs (moRNAs) are small RNAs processed from miRNA precursor hairpin sequences.
  • * Previous studies detected moRNAs in various human and mouse tissues, but their role in human ESCs was unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the presence and expression profile of moRNAs in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).
  • * To compare moRNA expression between hESCs and human fibroblasts.
  • * To expand the understanding of small non-coding RNA content in hESCs and their potential developmental relevance.

Main Methods:

  • * Application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for small RNA profiling.
  • * Analysis of small RNA libraries derived from hESCs and human fibroblasts.
  • * Identification and quantification of moRNA isoforms and their corresponding miRNA loci.

Main Results:

  • * Certain moRNA isoforms exhibited notable expression in hESCs, originating from loci associated with stem cell-selective or cancer-related miRNA clusters.
  • * Fibroblasts displayed sparse moRNA detection compared to hESCs.
  • * The majority of detected moRNAs originated from conserved genomic loci, with expression patterns independent of adjacent miRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • * This study presents the first report of moRNAs in hESCs, characterizing their distinct expression profile compared to fibroblasts.
  • * The findings suggest that moRNAs may play a role in hESC biology and development.
  • * The study expands the known repertoire of small non-coding RNAs in hESCs, contributing to a deeper understanding of their molecular composition.