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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
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Regulation by the modulation of gene expression variability.

David Dubnau1

  • 1Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA dubnauda@njms.rutgers.edu.

Journal of Bacteriology
|April 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression regulation differs between aerobic and anaerobic conditions in Escherichia coli. Oxygen presence alters gene expression variance, not the average expression, due to phosphorelay noise.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transcription is typically regulated to change average cellular expression.
  • Previous work showed anaerobic induction of torCAD operon in E. coli leads to population-wide expression changes.
  • Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is an inducer for the torCAD operon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of oxygen on torCAD operon gene expression regulation.
  • To determine if aerobic induction by TMAO affects expression mean or variance.

Main Methods:

  • Induction of the torCAD operon in Escherichia coli under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
  • Addition of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) as an inducer.
  • Analysis of gene expression levels and distributions across cell populations.

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Main Results:

  • Anaerobic induction by TMAO resulted in changes to the average expression per cell across the population.
  • Aerobic induction by TMAO led to a subset of cells responding, altering expression variance but not the mean.
  • The observed alteration in gene expression variance under aerobic conditions is linked to the phosphorelay regulating torCAD transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen significantly impacts gene expression regulation dynamics in Escherichia coli.
  • Gene expression variance, rather than the mean, is modulated by oxygen presence during torCAD operon induction.
  • Noise within the phosphorelay system is a key factor in regulating gene expression variance under aerobic conditions.