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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

Challenges in developing a cross-serotype rhinovirus vaccine.

Nicholas Glanville¹, Sebastian L Johnston¹

¹Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom.

Current Opinion in Virology

|April 2, 2015

Summary

Human rhinovirus (HRV) causes significant disease, but a universal vaccine remains elusive due to over 150 serotypes. Recent advances in peptide immunogens show promise for developing cross-reactive immunity against HRV infections.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a major cause of the common cold, asthma exacerbations, and COPD flares.
Over 150 HRV serotypes exist, presenting a significant challenge for vaccine development.
Current vaccine strategies have been hindered by HRV's antigenic diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

To review past HRV vaccine studies.
To discuss challenges posed by HRV antigenic heterogeneity.
To highlight recent progress in developing cross-reactive immunogens.

Main Methods:

Review of historical HRV vaccine trials.
Analysis of antigenic heterogeneity in HRV serotypes.
Exploration of novel peptide immunogen strategies.

Main Results:

Early vaccine studies demonstrated serotype-specific protection but were limited by HRV diversity.
Antigenic heterogeneity has historically impeded effective HRV vaccine development.
Recent research focuses on peptide immunogens to elicit cross-reactive antibodies and T cell responses.

Conclusions:

Developing a universal HRV vaccine is challenging due to extensive serotype variation.
Novel approaches using peptide immunogens offer potential for broader HRV protection.
Further research into cross-reactive immunogens is crucial for advancing HRV vaccine development.