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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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The double urethra: revisiting the surgical classification.

Amr AbdelHamid AbouZeid1, Hesham Soilman Safoury2, Shaimaa AbdelSattar Mohammad2

  • 1Ain-Shams University, Lotefy El-Sayed, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.

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This study reviews 14 cases of double urethra in children, detailing sagittal and collateral types. A new classification system aids surgical management and outcome prediction for this rare congenital anomaly.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Urology
  • Congenital Anomalies

Background:

  • Double urethra is a rare congenital anomaly with varied presentations.
  • Understanding its diverse pathologies is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical experience with 14 patients diagnosed with double urethra.
  • To evaluate a newly proposed classification system for urethral duplication.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of patient records (clinical presentation, investigations, surgical findings, outcomes).
  • Application of Effmann's classification and a novel classification based on urethral channel orientation.

Main Results:

  • 14 patients with double urethra (excluding Y-type) were analyzed.
  • Sagittal duplication (12 males) featured dorsal (poor function, ectopic) and ventral (functional, orthotopic/hypospadiac) channels.
  • Collateral duplication (2 patients) involved bladder/genital duplication, with side-by-side functional urethrae draining separate bladders.

Conclusions:

  • Double urethra represents a spectrum of pathologies.
  • The proposed classification system is clinically relevant for surgical guidance and outcome prognostication.