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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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[Ca2+ signaling in prokaryotes].

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    Calcium ions (Ca2+) are crucial for prokaryotic cell functions like motility and division, and also play a role in infectious diseases. Understanding calcium signaling in prokaryotes is key to their biology and pathogenesis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Cell Biology
    • Biochemistry

    Context:

    • Prokaryotes utilize calcium ions (Ca2+) for essential cellular processes.
    • Calcium signaling is implicated in the pathogenesis of various infectious diseases.

    Purpose:

    • To discuss the multifaceted roles of Ca2+ in prokaryotic life.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms of Ca2+ transport and homeostasis in prokaryotes.

    Summary:

    • This review details the prokaryotic Ca2+ signal system, covering structural and functional aspects.
    • Mechanisms of Ca2+ membrane transport and homeostasis are described.
    • The involvement of Ca2+ cation channels, transporters, and Ca2+-binding proteins in regulating intracellular Ca2+ concentration is highlighted.

    Impact:

    • Provides a comprehensive overview of calcium's role in prokaryotic cell biology.
    • Enhances understanding of Ca2+ homeostasis and its implications in microbial pathogenesis.
    • Serves as a resource for researchers studying prokaryotic signaling pathways.