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Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
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Related Experiment Video

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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Toll-like receptors.

Kiyoshi Takeda1,2, Shizuo Akira2

  • 1Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

Current Protocols in Immunology
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial patterns, activating innate and adaptive immunity. This review covers TLRs 1-13, their signaling pathways, and detection antibodies for immune research.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) family comprises 13 members crucial for innate immune recognition.
  • TLRs identify conserved microbial structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
  • Recognition of PAMPs by TLRs initiates signaling cascades that bridge innate and adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs), from TLR1 to TLR13.
  • To elucidate the essential role of TLRs in the innate immune system's recognition of microorganisms.
  • To discuss the distinct TLR-mediated signaling pathways and available antibodies for TLR detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on mammalian TLRs and their functions.
Keywords:
TIR domainToll-like receptorsinnate immunity

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  • Analysis of TLR-dependent and TLR-independent signaling pathways.
  • Identification of antibodies used for specific TLR detection in research.

    • Main Results:

    • Mammalian TLRs (1-13) are key sensors of microbial components (PAMPs).
    • TLR activation triggers innate immunity via MyD88-dependent and TRIF-dependent pathways, inducing gene expression.
    • These pathways ultimately lead to the activation of antigen-specific adaptive immunity.

    Conclusions:

    • Mammalian TLRs are indispensable for distinguishing self from non-self, initiating immune responses against pathogens.
    • Understanding TLR signaling pathways is critical for developing immunotherapies and vaccines.
    • Availability of specific antibodies facilitates research into TLR function and therapeutic targeting.