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Related Concept Videos

Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis
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Age-dependent Dynamics of Locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans: A Lyapunov Exponent Analysis

Published on: September 23, 2025

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C. elegans locomotion: small circuits, complex functions.

Mei Zhen1, Aravinthan D T Samuel2

  • 1Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|April 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modeling complex behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans is feasible due to its 302 neurons. Research is dissecting the worm's motor circuit, revealing a complex signaling network for locomotion.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology
  • Systems Neuroscience

Background:

  • The Caenorhabditis elegans nervous system, with 302 neurons, offers a model for understanding complex behaviors.
  • Modeling sensory input to motor output requires understanding the logic of the motor circuit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To dissect the systems-level logic of the Caenorhabditis elegans motor circuit.
  • To understand the complex signaling network underlying forward and backward locomotion.

Main Methods:

  • Physiological analysis
  • Anatomical analysis
  • Neurogenetic analysis

Main Results:

  • The worm's motor circuit exhibits a surprisingly complex signaling network.
  • Progress is being made towards a systems-level understanding of motor control.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of the Caenorhabditis elegans motor circuit is achievable.
  • This research contributes to building models of complex behaviors from neural circuits.