Approach to the analysis of cardiac valve prostheses as surgical pathology or autopsy specimens

Pathologists are likely to encounter substitute heart valves with increasing frequency. Informed evaluation of such valves provides valuable information that contributes to both patient care and our understanding of the pathobiology of host interactions with mechanical devices. This article summarizes the most important considerations underlying such analyses-including valve identification, common morphologic features and modes of failure, technical details of evaluation, and potential pitfalls.