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The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

The Blood-brain Barrier

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

A Human Blood-Brain Interface Model to Study Barrier Crossings by Pathogens or Medicines and Their Interactions with the Brain
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Outer brain barriers in rat and human development.

Christian B Brøchner1, Camilla B Holst2, Kjeld Møllgård1

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|April 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study clarifies complex brain surface barriers, identifying key molecular markers for the arachnoid blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and the outer CSF-brain barrier in developing and adult brains.

Keywords:
SSEA-4YKL-40arachnoid blood-CSF barrierdevelopmentouter CSF-brain barrierpial microvessel blood-CSF barriersubarachnoid space

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Brain surface barriers, particularly during development, are not well-defined.
  • The adult brain possesses an arachnoid blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier and an outer CSF-brain barrier.
  • These barriers regulate the passage of substances between blood, CSF, and brain tissue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the morphological and functional aspects of outer brain barriers in embryonic and adult brains.
  • To identify specific molecular markers for different components of the brain surface barrier system.
  • To propose a model for the composition of outer brain barriers.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used on embryonic rat brains (E10-P0) and human fetal brains (6-21 weeks post-conception).
  • Antibodies against claudin-11, BLBP, collagen 1, SSEA-4, MAP2, YKL-40, IL-13Rα2, and EAAT1 were employed.
  • Morphological analysis focused on identifying cellular layers and molecular markers at the brain-CSF interface.

Main Results:

  • Claudin-11 marked the arachnoid blood-CSF barrier; Collagen 1 delineated the subarachnoid space and pial surface.
  • BLBP identified the radial glial end feet layer, which transforms into the glial limitans.
  • SSEA-4 and YKL-40 were found in leptomeningeal cells and end feet; IL-13Rα2 and EAAT1 indicated transporter presence in the outer CSF-brain barrier.

Conclusions:

  • The arachnoid barrier cell layer is a key component of the blood-CSF barrier.
  • The outer CSF-brain barrier involves the glial end feet layer and pial surface.
  • Outer brain barriers comprise at least three distinct interfaces: the arachnoid blood-CSF barrier, the pial microvessel barrier, and the outer CSF-brain barrier.