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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Ectopic intravagal parathyroid adenoma.

Jurstine Daruwalla1, Nirupa Sachithanandan2, David Andrews3,4

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.

Head & Neck
|April 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Intraneural parathyroid adenomas are rare, with this case being the first nonsupernumerary ectopic intravagal parathyroid adenoma found during initial neck exploration. This finding highlights the vagus nerve as a potential location for parathyroid adenomas.

Keywords:
parathyroid adenomaprimary hyperparathyroidismvagus nerve

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Last Updated: Apr 15, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Intraneural parathyroid adenomas are exceptionally rare, with only nine intravagal adenomas previously documented.
  • Most reported cases necessitate multiple surgical explorations for diagnosis.
  • This report details the first instance of a nonsupernumerary ectopic intravagal parathyroid adenoma discovered during a primary neck exploration.

Observation:

  • A 17-year-old female presented with primary hyperparathyroidism and nephrolithiasis.
  • Initial neck exploration failed to locate eutopic parathyroid tissue.
  • An adenoma was identified within the vagus nerve sheath near the carotid bifurcation.

Findings:

  • A 7-mm parathyroid adenoma was successfully enucleated from the vagus nerve.
  • Post-operative serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels normalized.
  • The patient maintained normal vocal cord function post-surgery.

Implications:

  • The vagus nerve should be considered a potential site for parathyroid adenomas, even in primary surgical explorations.
  • Early identification and resection of such rare ectopic adenomas can lead to successful patient outcomes.
  • This case expands the known anatomical variations for parathyroid tissue location.