The current state of forensic age estimation of live subjects for the purpose of criminal prosecution

In recent years, many countries have experienced a sharp increase in the demand for forensic age estimates of live persons. From a legal perspective, such age estimates are carried out to determine whether a suspect without valid identity documents has reached the age of criminal responsibility and whether general criminal law in force for adults applies. In many countries, the age thresholds of relevance to criminal prosecution lie between 14 and 21 years.In line with recommendations issued by the Study Group on Forensic Age Diagnostics for determining the age of live subjects in criminal proceedings, a forensic age estimate should combine the results of a physical examination, an x-ray of the hand, and a dental examination that records dentition status and evaluates an orthopantomogram. In addition, a radiological or computed tomographic examination of the clavicles is recommended to establish whether a person has attained 21 years of age.This article addresses the influence of ethnicity on the examined developmental systems. In so doing, the authors conclude that forensic age estimates should pay due heed to the proband's socioeconomic status and ethnic origin.