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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
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Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila
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Sex determination.

Eleanor A M Graham1

  • 1Forensic Pathology Unit, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Building Leicester Royal Infirmary, LE2 7LX, Leicester, UK, eamg1@le.ac.uk.

Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology
|April 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate DNA sex determination is crucial for forensics. Current methods using amelogenin gene (AMEL) can yield false female results due to Y-chromosome dropout, impacting investigations.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA analysis is vital for identifying individuals in forensic and missing persons cases.
  • The amelogenin gene (AMEL) system is widely used for sex determination from biological samples.
  • Primer binding site mutations can cause Y-chromosome dropout, leading to inaccurate female sex designation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current DNA-based sex determination methods.
  • To discuss the limitations of the amelogenin (AMEL) gene system.
  • To explore alternative approaches for accurate sex determination in forensic science.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sex determination techniques.
  • Analysis of amelogenin (AMEL) gene locus and its susceptibility to mutations.
  • Discussion of potential alternative genetic markers and methodologies for sex determination.

Main Results:

  • The amelogenin (AMEL) system is effective but prone to false-negative Y-chromosome amplification.
  • Mutations in primer binding sites are a primary cause of Y-chromosome dropout.
  • Erroneous sex determination can have severe consequences in forensic investigations.

Conclusions:

  • Current amelogenin (AMEL) based sex determination methods require careful validation.
  • Alternative molecular markers and improved PCR strategies are needed to enhance accuracy.
  • Robust sex determination techniques are essential for reliable forensic identification and intelligence gathering.