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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability01:27

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Bioavailability is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. Regulatory agencies mandate the assessment of bioavailability, typically measured as the area under the drug plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC), to ensure the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. These evaluations are categorized as absolute and relative bioavailability studies.Absolute...
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Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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The ANDANTE project: a multidisciplinary approach to neutron RBE.

A Ottolenghi1, G Baiocco2, V Smyth3

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy INFN, sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy andrea.ottolenghi@pv.infn.it.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|April 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel approach to assess neutron radiation risk by combining physics simulations, stem cell radiobiology, and epidemiological data. The ANDANTE project aims to improve the accuracy of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) models for human health risk assessment.

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Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Radiation biology and physics
  • Cancer research
  • Medical physics

Background:

  • Traditional methods for estimating neutron radiation risk rely on relative biological effectiveness (RBE) compared to photons, but face challenges in human application.
  • The ANDANTE project addresses these limitations by employing a multidisciplinary approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new RBE-based risk model for neutron exposure.
  • To compare the biological effectiveness of neutrons and photons across different tissues and exposure scenarios.
  • To investigate the long-term effects of radiation exposure, including secondary cancer incidence.

Main Methods:

  • Physics: Employing a track structure model to analyze radiation damage patterns at the molecular level.
  • Stem cell radiobiology: Exposing thyroid, salivary gland, and breast stem cells to neutrons and photons, assessing damage endpoints, and transplanting irradiated cells into mice to study tumor development.
  • Epidemiology: Investigating relative incidence rates of second cancers following radiotherapy and exploring prospective study designs for proton therapy.

Main Results:

  • Simulations reproduce energy spectra used in radiobiology and epidemiology.
  • Initial data from stem cell exposures provide estimates of relative risk.
  • Pilot epidemiological study explores cancer incidence and informs future study designs.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated approach of physics, radiobiology, and epidemiology offers a more robust method for RBE and risk assessment.
  • Findings will validate the ANDANTE RBE-based risk model and associated RBE values.
  • This research aims to enhance the accuracy of radiation protection standards and optimize radiotherapy techniques.