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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Epilepsy (generalised seizures).

J Helen Cross1

  • 1UCL-Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children & National Centre for Young People with Epilepsy, London, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|April 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

For drug-resistant epilepsy with generalized seizures, this review examined add-on treatments like lacosamide and lamotrigine. Evidence quality was assessed to understand their effectiveness and safety compared to placebo.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Epilepsy affects 3% of the population lifetime, with 70% achieving remission.
  • Drug-resistant epilepsy presents a significant clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of add-on treatments for drug-resistant epilepsy with generalized seizures.
  • To synthesize evidence from a systematic review on specific antiepileptic drugs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of multiple databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to April 2014.
  • Inclusion of four studies meeting predefined criteria.
  • GRADE evaluation of evidence quality for interventions.

Main Results:

  • Identified four studies for inclusion in the systematic review.
  • Focused on the effectiveness and safety of specific add-on antiepileptic drugs.

Conclusions:

  • Presents data on the effectiveness and safety of lacosamide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, perampanel, and zonisamide as add-on therapies.
  • Compares these interventions against placebo for generalized seizure management in drug-resistant epilepsy.