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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

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The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
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Muscle fatigue refers to the decline in a muscle's ability to maintain the force of contraction after prolonged activity. It primarily stems from changes within muscle fibers. Even before experiencing muscle fatigue, one may feel tired and have the urge to stop the activity. This response, known as central fatigue, occurs due to changes in the central nervous system, namely the brain and spinal cord. While there is no single mechanism that induces fatigue, it may serve as a protective...
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Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data
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Economic costs associated with an MS relapse.

K O'Connell1, S B Kelly1, E Fogarty1

  • 1Department of Neurology, St Vincent׳s University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.

Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
|April 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The cost of multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses varies by severity, with even minor episodes causing significant financial strain. High-intensity relapses incur substantial direct and indirect costs, impacting patients and society.

Keywords:
Direct costEconomic costIndirect costMultiple sclerosisRelapse

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Health Economics

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) significantly impacts young adults, leading to disability and substantial socioeconomic burdens.
  • Understanding the economic consequences of MS relapses is crucial for resource allocation and patient support.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the direct and indirect costs associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses.
  • To analyze cost variations based on relapse intensity and patient characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective audit involving medical chart review and patient questionnaires.
  • Stratification of MS relapses into low, moderate, and high intensity groups.
  • Comprehensive data collection on patient demographics, disease status, and various cost components (direct and indirect).

Main Results:

  • Mean costs for low, moderate, and high intensity relapses were €503, €1395, and €8862, respectively.
  • High-intensity relapses were associated with older age and higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores.
  • Loss of earnings represented the largest component of indirect costs; 23% of patients changed therapy post-relapse.

Conclusions:

  • The financial burden of MS relapses is directly correlated with episode severity.
  • Even low-intensity relapses impose significant economic costs on patients (loss of earnings) and society (increased annual MS-related expenses).