Evidence that a volitional help sheet reduces alcohol consumption among smokers: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Cigarette smokers have greater problems with alcohol than members of the general population, due partly to the influence of smoking on alcohol consumption. The present study was designed to test the ability of implementation intentions to reduce alcohol consumption among cigarette smokers. Sixty-five smokers (37 women, 28 men; age M=33.77, SD=9.69) were randomly allocated to an active control condition (n=31) or were asked to form implementation intentions using a volitional help sheet (n=34). The outcome measure was subsequent alcohol intake, measured 1-month postbaseline. There was a significant decrease in alcohol consumption in the intervention group but not in the control condition. At the end of the study, alcohol consumption had decreased significantly, by 2.00 standard units (i.e., 16 grams alcohol) per week in the intervention group, but had increased marginally (by 0.46 standard units per week) in the active control condition (d=0.63). The findings support the efficacy of the volitional help sheet to reduce alcohol consumption among smokers. Further research is needed to refine the volitional help sheet and explore its efficacy among other at-risk groups.