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Updated: Apr 14, 2026
Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
Published on: April 11, 2025
The synthesized vectorcardiogram resembles the measured vectorcardiogram in patients with dyssynchronous heart
Elien B Engels1, Salih Alshehri1, Caroline J M van Deursen2
1Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Background:
The use of vectorcardiography (VCG) has regained interest, however, original Frank-VCG equipment is rare. This study compares the measured VCGs with those synthesized from the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in patients with heart failure and conduction abnormalities, who are candidate for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).
Methods:
In 92 CRT candidates, Frank-VCG and 12-lead ECG were recorded before CRT implantation. The ECG was converted to a VCG using the Kors method (Kors-VCG) and the two methods were compared using correlation and Bland-Altman analyses.
Results:
Variables calculated from the Frank- and Kors-VCG showed correlation coefficients between 0.77 and 0.90. There was a significant but small underestimation by the Kors-VCG method, relative bias ranging from -1.9% ± 4.6% (QRS-T angle) to -9.4% ± 20.8% (T area).
Conclusion:
The present study shows that it is justified to use Kors-VCG calculations for VCG analysis, which enables retrospective VCG analysis of previously recorded ECGs in studies related to CRT.
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