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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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[ULTRASOUND OF THE PLACENTA. NORMAL FINDINGS AND PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES: A REVIEW.]

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

A Hyperandrogenic Mouse Model to Study Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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[Hyperandrogenism in multiple pregnancy].

A Ganovska, V Diavolov, A Nikolov

    Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia
    |April 25, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hyperreactio luteinalis (LH) is a rare pregnancy complication causing hyperandrogenism. This case highlights its presentation in twin pregnancy, emphasizing the need for accurate diagnosis to avoid unnecessary surgery.

    Area of Science:

    • Reproductive Endocrinology
    • Obstetrics and Gynecology

    Background:

    • Hyperandrogenism during pregnancy is rare, often linked to hyperreactio luteinalis (LH).
    • LH results from elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) and heightened receptor sensitivity.
    • Multiple spontaneous pregnancies are a rare but documented association with LH.

    Observation:

    • A 36-year-old primigravida with a spontaneous twin pregnancy presented with resistant hypertension and hyperandrogenism.
    • Imaging revealed massively enlarged polycystic ovaries with a characteristic "spoke wheel" appearance due to theca-lutein cysts.
    • The ovarian morphology mimicked malignant ovarian neoplasia.

    Findings:

    • The case illustrates hyperreactio luteinalis in a spontaneous twin pregnancy.
    • Diagnostic challenges include distinguishing LH from ovarian neoplasms based on imaging.

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  • Elevated β-hCG levels are the primary driver of LH.

    • Implications:

    • Accurate diagnosis of LH is crucial to prevent incorrect surgical interventions like oophorectomy.
    • Understanding LH pathophysiology aids in appropriate management during pregnancy.
    • This rare condition underscores the importance of comprehensive evaluation in pregnant patients with hyperandrogenism and ovarian enlargement.