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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

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Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
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In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
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DNA isolation protocols can be fast and straightforward or complex and time-consuming depending on the type and quality of DNA required for further processing. For example, plasmid DNA extraction is a bit more complicated than genomic DNA extraction because of the need for an appropriate lysis method to separate plasmid DNA from gDNA during isolation. However, for specific applications, such as long-range DNA sequencing that require a good yield of high- quality DNA samples, we need to follow...
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A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample
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Sample preparation with solid phase microextraction and exhaustive extraction approaches: Comparison for challenging

Ezel Boyacı1, Ángel Rodríguez-Lafuente1, Krzysztof Gorynski2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.

Analytica Chimica Acta
|April 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Sample preparation is key in chemical analysis. While liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction are common, newer methods like solid-phase microextraction offer advanced solutions for complex samples and on-site analysis.

Keywords:
Complex matrices/challenging compoundsLiquid–liquid extractionOn-site/in vivo analysisSample preparationSolid phase extractionSolid phase microextraction

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Sample preparation is a critical step in chemical analysis, often limiting overall method success.
  • Traditional methods like liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are widely used but have limitations for complex matrices and field applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advantages and limitations of various sample preparation techniques.
  • To assess the applicability of these methods for challenging analytical tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of established techniques: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE).
  • Introduction and evaluation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and its advancements.
  • Exploration of other microextraction approaches.

Main Results:

  • LLE and SPE are well-established but struggle with complex matrices, on-site, and in vivo analyses.
  • Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) enables on-site, in vivo measurements, and determination of free/bound analyte concentrations.
  • Matrix-compatible SPME coatings enhance direct sampling from challenging matrices.

Conclusions:

  • No single sample preparation method is universally applicable.
  • SPME and other microextraction techniques offer significant advantages for complex samples and field-based analysis.
  • The choice of method depends on the specific analytical challenge, analyte properties, and matrix.