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Related Concept Videos

Drug Concentrations: Measurements01:23

Drug Concentrations: Measurements

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Drug concentration is the quantity of a drug present in a biological sample. Measuring drug amounts in biological samples allows the clinician to understand how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. Samples can be obtained through invasive or non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques involve surgical or parenteral interventions to gather blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue biopsy. Conversely, non-invasive approaches provide samples like urine, feces, and saliva.
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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Organ Perfusion Rate01:15

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Drug distribution within the body is a complex process influenced by several factors, including perfusion rate, the rate at which the bloodstream transports drugs to tissue. This limitation becomes particularly significant when dealing with highly lipophilic drugs. In such cases, the rate at which the drug can move across membranes is crucial, and if the membrane is highly permeable to the drug, distribution becomes rate-limited by perfusion.
Perfusion rate-limited distribution relies on the...
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Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

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The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
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Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

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The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
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Time Course of Drug Effect01:14

Time Course of Drug Effect

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The progression of a drug's impact can be analyzed by examining both the concentration-time course and the effect-time course. The concentration-time course is determined by the drug's half-life and is influenced by factors such as its pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The effect of the drug is often related to its concentration in the plasma and is calculated using the maximum drug effect and the plasma concentration that generates 50...
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Drug Concentration Versus Time Correlation01:15

Drug Concentration Versus Time Correlation

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The plasma drug concentration-time curve is a crucial tool in pharmacokinetics, representing the drug's concentration in plasma at different time intervals post-administration. This curve illustrates the drug's journey from absorption into the systemic circulation, distribution to body tissues, and eventual elimination through excretion or biotransformation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Postmortem distribution of trazodone concentrations.

Iain M McIntyre1, Phyllis Mallett1, Robert Stabley2

  • 1Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, County of San Diego Medical Examiner's Office, 5570 Overland Ave., Suite 101 San Diego, CA 92123 USA.

Forensic Science International
|April 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Postmortem liver trazodone concentrations were analyzed, revealing non-toxic levels up to 2.2mg/kg. This study also found trazodone unlikely to undergo significant postmortem redistribution.

Keywords:
Central bloodLiverPeripheral bloodPostmortem redistributionTrazodone

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Postmortem tissue concentrations of trazodone, particularly in the liver, are not well-established.
  • Understanding these concentrations is crucial for accurate interpretation of forensic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe non-toxic postmortem liver trazodone concentrations.
  • To compare postmortem liver, peripheral blood, and central blood concentrations of trazodone.
  • To assess the potential for postmortem redistribution of trazodone.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 19 medical examiner cases.
  • Screening of postmortem blood for drugs.
  • Quantification of trazodone using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • Investigation of trazodone degradation in stored blood samples.

Main Results:

  • Postmortem liver trazodone concentrations were found to be non-toxic up to 2.2mg/kg.
  • Peripheral blood concentrations were considered non-toxic up to 1.0mg/L.
  • Median central blood to peripheral blood ratio was 0.98.
  • Median liver to peripheral blood ratio was 2.8L/kg, suggesting minimal redistribution.

Conclusions:

  • Trazodone exhibits low propensity for postmortem redistribution.
  • Established reference ranges for postmortem liver and blood trazodone concentrations are provided.
  • Potential degradation of trazodone in stored postmortem blood samples was observed.