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Related Concept Videos

States of Water01:23

States of Water

58.4K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation01:24

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

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When a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, it results in the lowering of the freezing point of the solvent. This phenomenon is called freezing point depression. The extent to which the freezing point is lowered depends on the molality of the solute -the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent and the cryoscopic constant of the solvent.From the plot of chemical potential, μ, against temperature, it is evident that the μ of both solid and liquid solvents decrease...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Frost Action on Concrete01:27

Frost Action on Concrete

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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
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Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

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Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Identification of Plant Ice-binding Proteins Through Assessment of Ice-recrystallization Inhibition and Isolation Using Ice-affinity Purification
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Identification of Plant Ice-binding Proteins Through Assessment of Ice-recrystallization Inhibition and Isolation Using Ice-affinity Purification

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Making EBSD on water ice routine.

D J Prior1, K Lilly1, M Seidemann1

  • 1Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Journal of Microscopy
|May 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New methods improve electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis for water ice samples. These techniques enhance sample preparation, enabling high-quality EBSD maps for various ice microstructures.

Keywords:
Cryo-SEMEBSDIce

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
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Last Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Identification of Plant Ice-binding Proteins Through Assessment of Ice-recrystallization Inhibition and Isolation Using Ice-affinity Purification
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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Geophysics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is an established technique for analyzing crystalline materials.
  • Previous EBSD studies on ice have faced challenges in sample preparation and data acquisition.
  • Optimizing EBSD for ice requires addressing issues like frost formation and surface damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and refine sample preparation and analysis methods for high-success-rate EBSD mapping of water ice.
  • To introduce and evaluate novel techniques for frost removal and creating damage-free ice surfaces for EBSD.
  • To assess the thermal effects during sample handling and their impact on ice microstructures.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and optimized two new methods for preparing ice samples for EBSD: pressure cycle sublimation and 'ironing'.
  • Investigated and quantified the thermal effects associated with sample preparation, transfer, and storage.
  • Modeled the potential for microstructural modification during these thermal processes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved >90% success rate in obtaining high-quality EBSD maps for diverse ice samples (fine-grained to large, low porosity).
  • Pressure cycle sublimation identified as a preferred method due to its ease, speed, and minimal artifact generation.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness and limitations of EBSD on laboratory ice samples with varying microstructures.

Conclusions:

  • The presented methods significantly enhance the feasibility and reliability of EBSD analysis on water ice.
  • These techniques are adaptable to standard scanning electron microscope systems equipped with cryostages and variable pressure capabilities.
  • EBSD on ice offers valuable insights into ice microstructures with potential applications in various scientific fields.