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Keratoconus: an inflammatory disorder?

V Galvis1, T Sherwin2, A Tello1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Keratoconus may involve inflammation, challenging its traditional definition. Studies reveal elevated inflammatory markers in tears, suggesting a potential inflammatory component in this corneal disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Keratoconus is traditionally defined as a non-inflammatory corneal disease causing thinning and steepening.
  • Genetic and environmental factors are implicated, but recent research suggests a role for proteolytic enzymes, cytokines, and free radicals.
  • The presence of inflammation in keratoconus has been increasingly questioned.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review biochemical changes in keratoconus.
  • To investigate if these changes support an inflammatory basis for the condition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published biochemical changes in keratoconus.
  • Analysis of tear fluid biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Elevated levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 are frequently found in the tears of keratoconus patients.
  • Eye rubbing, a risk factor, increases tear levels of MMP-13, IL-6, and TNF-α.
  • Elevated IL-1α and MMP-9 in ocular rosacea tears are associated with corneal thinning similar to keratoconus.

Conclusions:

  • Biochemical evidence suggests keratoconus may have inflammatory components.
  • Elevated inflammatory mediators in tears warrant further investigation into the role of inflammation in keratoconus pathophysiology.