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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

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The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

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An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
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Muon-Induced Neutrons Do Not Explain the DAMA Data.

J Klinger1, V A Kudryavtsev1

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|May 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study models muon-induced backgrounds in the DAMA/LIBRA experiment, finding they cannot explain the observed signal modulation. Muon backgrounds account for less than 0.3% of the DAMA signal.

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Astroparticle Physics
  • Nuclear Physics

Background:

  • The DAMA/LIBRA experiment searches for dark matter particles.
  • Observed signal modulation in DAMA/LIBRA requires explanation.
  • Muon-induced backgrounds are a potential, but unconfirmed, source.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To accurately model muon-induced background radiation within the DAMA/LIBRA detector.
  • To challenge hypotheses attributing the DAMA signal modulation to muon-induced events.
  • To quantify the contribution of muons to the overall detector background.

Main Methods:

  • Muon generation and transport simulated using MUSIC/MUSUN codes.
  • Subsequent particle interactions near the DAMA detector simulated with Geant4.

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  • Estimation of muon-induced neutron flux and its contribution to the DAMA signal.

    • Main Results:

    • Estimated total muon-induced neutron flux in the detector cavern is 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ cm⁻² s⁻¹.
    • Predicted background contribution is 3.49 × 10⁻⁵ counts/day/kg/keV.
    • This contribution represents less than 0.3% of the DAMA signal modulation amplitude.

    Conclusions:

    • Muon-induced backgrounds are insufficient to explain the DAMA signal modulation.
    • The study provides a robust model for muon background in underground experiments.
    • Further investigation into other potential sources for the DAMA signal is warranted.