Halitosis in otorhinolaryngology practice

Area of Science:

• Dentistry
• Oral Health
• Bacteriology

Background:

• Halitosis is a prevalent condition affecting up to 33% of individuals.
• It is categorized into genuine halitosis, pseudohalitosis, and halitophobia.
• Genuine halitosis is often linked to underlying pathologies, notably periodontitis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the classification, causes, diagnosis, and management of halitosis.
• To highlight the role of bacterial interactions in producing oral malodor.
• To emphasize the importance of identifying and treating etiological factors for successful outcomes.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on halitosis.
• Classification of halitosis into distinct categories.
• Discussion of diagnostic approaches (objective and subjective).

Main Results:

• Oral malodor is primarily caused by bacterial production of volatile sulfur compounds.
• Common contributing factors include periodontitis, tongue coating, poor hygiene, caries, tonsil issues, and postnasal drainage.
• Extra-oral sources like gastro-esophageal and systemic conditions can also cause halitosis.

Conclusions:

• Successful halitosis management necessitates addressing its root causes, including periodontitis and poor oral hygiene.
• Comprehensive treatment involves both general oral care and targeted interventions for specific etiological factors.
• Clinician awareness of halitosis aspects is crucial for optimal patient outcomes.