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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Rational design of self-assembly pathways for complex multicomponent structures.

William M Jacobs1, Aleks Reinhardt2, Daan Frenkel1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom wjacobs@fas.harvard.edu df246@cam.ac.uk.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complex self-assembly using DNA bricks achieves high yields by optimizing temperature and kinetics. Heterogeneous bond energies are surprisingly crucial for intricate 3D structure formation.

Keywords:
DNA nanotechnologyfree-energy landscapesnucleationself-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Complex self-assembly
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomolecular engineering

Background:

  • Designing multiparticle structures with thousands of distinct building blocks is a key goal.
  • Understanding factors optimizing yield and kinetics is crucial for exploiting addressable complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Explain the success of DNA-brick experiments, the only current method for reliable self-assembly with many components.
  • Develop a theoretical framework to predict and optimize complex self-assembly processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a simple theoretical method to analyze DNA-brick self-assembly.
  • Performed simulations to validate theoretical predictions.
  • Investigated the role of temperature, coordination numbers, and bond energies.

Main Results:

  • The theory accurately predicts the narrow temperature window for error-free assembly.
  • Predicted that time-dependent experimental protocols may be required for complete structure assembly.
  • Identified low coordination numbers and heterogeneous bond energies as essential for optimal nucleation kinetics and assembling intricate 3D structures.

Conclusions:

  • Insights provide a pathway to improve DNA-brick structure design.
  • The findings pave the way for creating diverse chemical or colloidal structures with addressable complexity.