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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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Axial and Appendicular Muscles01:18

Axial and Appendicular Muscles

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Skeletal muscles, the key players in our body's movement, can be classified into two groups based on their location and function: axial muscles and appendicular muscles. These classifications reflect the primary roles the muscles play in the body's structure and movement.
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Axial muscles, situated along the body's midline, are intricately connected to the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. These muscles facilitate facial expressions and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model
06:11

Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion in the Ovine Model

Published on: October 5, 2009

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Subaxial cervical spine.

E B Laxer1, M Aebi1

  • 1Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Mcgill University, Montreal, Canada.

Surgical Technology International
|May 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current cervical spine surgery utilizes advanced instrumentation and fusion techniques for predictable outcomes in subaxial conditions. This chapter details anterior and posterior surgical approaches for effective spinal stabilization.

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Last Updated: Apr 12, 2026

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Intraspinal Cell Transplantation for Targeting Cervical Ventral Horn in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
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Area of Science:

  • Spine Surgery
  • Orthopedic Instrumentation
  • Neurosurgical Techniques

Background:

  • Cervical spine instrumentation has evolved significantly since 1891.
  • Modern surgical advancements enable complex procedures with reliable results for various cervical spine conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current, accepted instrumentation and fusion techniques for the subaxial cervical spine.

Main Methods:

  • The chapter categorizes techniques based on surgical approach: anterior and posterior.
  • Discussion considers factors influencing approach selection: pathology location, problem nature, surgical goals, and surgeon experience.

Main Results:

  • Details on instrumentation and fusion techniques for anterior cervical spine surgery.
  • Details on instrumentation and fusion techniques for posterior cervical spine surgery.

Conclusions:

  • The choice between anterior and posterior approaches is multifactorial.
  • Appropriate technique selection is crucial for successful subaxial cervical spine surgery.