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Related Concept Videos

Mechanical Systems01:22

Mechanical Systems

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Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically...
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Navier–Stokes Equations01:28

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For incompressible Newtonian fluids, where density remains constant, stresses show a linear relationship with the deformation rate, defined by normal and shear stresses. Normal stresses depend on the pressure exerted on the fluid and the rate of deformation in specific directions, which determines how fluid flows under varying pressures. Shear stresses, on the other hand, act tangentially across fluid layers. They explain how adjacent fluid layers slide relative to one another, connecting...
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Custom Engineered Tissue Culture Molds from Laser-etched Masters
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Colloquium: Mechanical formalisms for tissue dynamics.

Sham Tlili1, Cyprien Gay, François Graner

  • 1Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, 10 rue Alice Domon et Léonie Duquet, F-75205, Paris Cedex 13, France.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|May 10, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New experimental techniques offer quantitative data on cell shape and gene expression, advancing our understanding of morphogenesis. This review explores mechanical models crucial for interpreting biomechanical experiments and predicting tissue behavior.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Recent advances in experimental techniques provide unprecedented quantitative data at the cellular level regarding cell shape and gene expression within tissues.
  • This influx of data highlights the critical entanglement of gene expression and mechanical forces in morphogenesis.
  • Existing biomechanical models are increasingly essential for designing, interpreting, and predicting outcomes of morphogenesis experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanical models and theoretical methods relevant to understanding tissue morphogenesis.
  • To guide the selection of appropriate mechanical models based on newly accessible quantitative data.
  • To bridge the gap between experimental data and theoretical frameworks in biomechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanical ingredients informed by current knowledge of tissue behavior.
  • Exploration of modeling methods for generating rheological diagrams and constitutive equations.
  • Discussion of mathematical frameworks for continuum materials and numerical resolution of partial differential equations.
  • Application of the dissipation function formalism for constitutive equations, particularly for plastic behavior and large deformations.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key mechanical factors at both intracellular and intercellular scales.
  • Adaptation of continuum mechanics frameworks for biological tissues.
  • Demonstration of the utility of the dissipation function formalism for modeling plastic behavior in large deformations.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical methods and mechanical models are crucial for interpreting high-throughput biomechanical experimental data in morphogenesis.
  • The entanglement of gene expression and mechanics in morphogenesis requires sophisticated modeling approaches.
  • This review provides a theoretical foundation to enhance the significance of data from advanced biomechanical experiments.