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Evolution of two prototypic T cell lineages.

Sabyasachi Das1, Jianxu Li1, Masayuki Hirano1

  • 1Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Road North-East, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.

Cellular Immunology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Jawless vertebrates use unique leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-based variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) for adaptive immunity. Their VLR gene assembly and lymphocyte lineage expression offer insights into T- and B-cell evolution.

Keywords:
Adaptive immunityJawless vertebratesLeucine-rich repeatVariable lymphocyte receptorαβ and γδ T-cell receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Chordate Phylogeny

Background:

  • Jawless vertebrates possess a unique immune system utilizing variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) for antigen recognition.
  • These VLRs are based on leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, distinguishing them from the immunoglobulin-based receptors of jawed vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the gene assembly mechanisms of VLRs (VLRA, VLRB, VLRC) in jawless vertebrates.
  • To understand the differential expression of VLR genes in distinct lymphocyte lineages.
  • To explore the evolutionary implications of VLRs for T- and B-cell evolution in vertebrates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of VLR gene assembly processes, including step-wise copying of LRR-encoding sequences.
  • Characterization of lymphocyte lineages producing VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC.
  • Comparative analysis of VLR loci organization with T-cell receptor (TCR) loci in jawed vertebrates.

Main Results:

  • VLR gene assembly involves sequential transfer of LRR sequences into germ-line genes.
  • VLRA and VLRC are expressed in T-cell-like lymphocytes, while VLRB is found in B-cell-like lymphocytes.
  • The VLRA and VLRC loci are in close proximity, facilitating sequence sharing, similar to TCRα/TCRδ loci.

Conclusions:

  • Jawless vertebrates utilize distinct VLR-based adaptive immune receptors.
  • The VLR system provides insights into the evolutionary pathways of T- and B-cell lineages in vertebrates.
  • Understanding VLRs sheds light on alternative receptor systems for adaptive immunity across vertebrate evolution.