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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
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Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

1.9K
An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

3.5K
Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Casimir entropy for magnetodielectrics.

G L Klimchitskaya1, C C Korikov

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This study derives analytic expressions for Casimir energy, entropy, and pressure between magnetodielectric plates at low temperatures. It reveals that while Nernst

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory

Background:

  • The Casimir effect describes quantum vacuum fluctuations between closely spaced objects.
  • Understanding the thermodynamic properties of the Casimir effect in materials is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive analytic expressions for Casimir free energy, entropy, and pressure.
  • To investigate the role of material properties (permittivity, permeability, conductivity) on Casimir thermodynamics.
  • To analyze the validity of the Nernst heat theorem in this context.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of analytic expressions for thermodynamic quantities.
  • Analysis of low-temperature behavior.
  • Inclusion of frequency-dependent material properties and dc conductivity.
  • Examination of the Casimir entropy in the limit of vanishing temperature.

Main Results:

  • Analytic expressions for Casimir free energy, entropy, and pressure were obtained.
  • The Nernst heat theorem is satisfied for finite static dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability.
  • Inclusion of dc conductivity leads to a violation of the Nernst heat theorem, with non-zero Casimir entropy at zero temperature.
  • The dependence of results on material parameters and temperature was analyzed.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the Casimir effect in magnetodielectric materials.
  • DC conductivity significantly impacts Casimir entropy, leading to a violation of the Nernst heat theorem at low temperatures.
  • The findings have implications for understanding Casimir forces in realistic experimental setups.