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Related Concept Videos

Gustation01:43

Gustation

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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

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The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding
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An expression system for Gustatory receptors - and why it failed.

Hubert Amrein1

  • 1a Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine ; Texas A&M Health Science Center; College Station , TX USA.

Fly
|May 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Single Drosophila sugar receptors may not accurately detect sugars alone. Ectopic expression in a "pseudo-heterologous" system might yield misleading results, contradicting established findings on heteromultimeric taste receptors.

Keywords:
Gr Genesexpression systemheterodimersolfactony learning and memoryolfactory neurontaste receptors

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Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory biology

Background:

  • Drosophila sugar receptors are crucial for taste perception.
  • Previous studies indicate sugar receptors function as heteromultimers.
  • A recent study suggested single receptor proteins suffice for sugar detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain discrepancies in Drosophila sugar receptor research.
  • To address findings from a study using ectopic expression of sugar receptors.
  • To reconcile conflicting data on sugar receptor complex formation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ectopic expression systems in Drosophila.
  • Review of electrophysiological and behavioral data.
  • Theoretical explanation of potential experimental artifacts.

Main Results:

  • Ectopic expression in olfactory neurons may not reflect native taste receptor function.
  • The "pseudo-heterologous" system might create artificial interactions or conformations.
  • This system could lead to an overestimation of single receptor protein capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The "pseudo-heterologous" expression system likely produced artefactual results.
  • Findings supporting single receptor function in this system contradict established knowledge.
  • Further research should focus on native expression systems to understand true receptor complex behavior.