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Related Concept Videos

Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

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Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
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Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

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Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...
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Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

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In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
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Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes01:23

Drug Elimination: Non-Renal Routes

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The liver plays a pivotal role in eliminating drugs and their metabolites, primarily through a process known as biliary excretion. This process involves the hepatocytes, the primary cells in the liver that generate bile. A range of transporters actively expels polar drugs or hydrophilic drug metabolites into the bile, which transports the drugs and metabolites into the small intestine. From here, they are eventually expelled from the body through feces. In some instances, the original drug or a...
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Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

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Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
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Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

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Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
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High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Enzyme therapeutics for systemic detoxification.

Yang Liu1, Jie Li1, Yunfeng Lu1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|May 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzymes show promise for detoxification, but their stability and immunogenicity are challenges. Specially designed nanocarriers, like liposomes and polymers, can overcome these issues for effective systemic detoxification therapies.

Keywords:
DetoxificationNanocarrierPEGylationProtein deliveryProtein nanocapsule

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Life depends on biochemical processes; intoxication disrupts these.
  • Enzymes are effective for detoxification due to specificity and efficiency.
  • Enzyme limitations include poor stability and high immunogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in enzyme-based nanocarrier systems for detoxification.
  • To discuss applications of these nano-architectures in systemic detoxification.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential and delivery challenges of enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on enzyme-nanocarrier systems.
  • Analysis of three promising nano-architectures: liposome-wrapped, polymer-enzyme conjugates, and polymer-encapsulated enzymes.
  • Discussion of enzyme properties and delivery strategies.

Main Results:

  • Enzyme-nanocarrier systems offer solutions to enzyme instability and immunogenicity.
  • Liposome-wrapped enzymes, polymer-enzyme conjugates, and polymer-encapsulated enzymes are promising architectures.
  • These nano-architectures enhance enzyme efficacy in systemic detoxification.

Conclusions:

  • Nanocarrier-mediated enzyme delivery is a viable strategy for systemic detoxification.
  • Further research is needed to optimize enzyme delivery and overcome associated challenges.
  • Enzyme-based nanotherapeutics hold significant potential for managing intoxication.