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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Recurrent hypoglycemia in a toddler.

Marissa Cohen1, Sean Zwiebel1, Rebecca Jeanmonod1

  • 1St Luke's University Hospital, 801 Ostrum St, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|May 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia is a common cause of low blood sugar in toddlers. Early diagnosis through ketone testing is crucial to prevent long-term health issues in affected children.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia (IKH) is the most frequent cause of hypoglycemia in toddlers.
  • Diagnosis is critical to prevent severe long-term health consequences.

Observation:

  • This diagnosis should be suspected in toddlers with hypoglycemia, normal growth, and normal development, especially when toxic ingestions and sepsis are ruled out.
  • A case report details a 3-year-old girl experiencing recurrent hypoglycemia due to IKH.

Findings:

  • IKH is diagnosed when hypoglycemia is accompanied by ketonuria and ketonemia.
  • Testing for ketones in urine and blood is essential for evaluating hypoglycemic toddlers.

Implications:

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  • Prompt diagnosis and management of IKH can prevent serious developmental and neurological sequelae.
  • Increased awareness and appropriate diagnostic testing for IKH in toddlers are recommended.